According to ancient archives, population census taking appears to have originated during the Sam Han (Three Han Tribes) period in Korea. Strictly speaking, however, the population census system was introduced in 1925 under the name, "National Tax Survey". Since then, the census has been taken every five years. In addition, a housing census was launched in 1960 to meet the changing tides of social and economic conditions.

The population and housing censuses are taken for the purpose of assessing the size, structure and characteristics of the population and gathering data on the number, types, structures, and basic facilities of their housing. Accumulated information represents the foundation upon which national policies are built. Census statistics, thus gathered and tabulated, are used as basic data for the development of short-and long-term policies in many areas, including the economy, education, housing, trasportation, public health, and energy, as well as for the formulation of regional develpment plants by local autonomous bodies. Therefore, the census must record not only the aggregate number, but also the individual characteristics of the population and housing. In this regard, the understanding and cooperation of the entire population is essential to the success of the census.